English is a very effective language as it is proved by the native and nonnative speakers all over the world. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms hulmbauer, 2008, p. English has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world. Changing language in changing global academia find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. World englishes and english as a lingua franca technical. English lingua franca materials and learning vocabulary. This chapter examines the complexity and confusion that the term global english has generated in various literatures. Below you will find more information about a phenomenon that bears on language, culture, commerce, and diplomacy. Today when we find a language which is commonly used by people whose native languages are different, we describe it as a lingua franca. Aside from the fact that it can be easy to learn, it is widely spoken by a lot of people. English as a lingua franca in the expanding circle. Keywordsenglish, global lingua franca, history, evolution, simultaneous. Despite being welcomed by some and deplored by others, it cannot be denied that english functions as a global lingua franca. Lingua francas of the world 661 the use of this particular form of french eventually died out, but not before having left its own name as its heritage for languages which are used in a similar fashion.
Frankish language language used as a means of communication between populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually intelligible. Research into english as a lingua franca has been slower to take off, despite pioneering work by a. Long before, english has already been established as the worlds lingua franca. English will remain, for the foreseeable future, the lingua franca of science and technology. The unprecedented global spread of english as a lingua franca is a recent phenomenon that poses a challenge to the ageold craft of interpreting. Lingua franca definition is a common language consisting of italian mixed with french, spanish, greek, and arabic that was formerly spoken in mediterranean ports. At its simplest, elf is a way of referring to communication in english between speakers who have different first languages. Including 47 stateofthe art chapters from leading international scholars, the handbook covers key concepts, regional spread, linguistic features and communication. Prescriptivists generally nonlinguists tend to dismiss elf as a kind of foreigner talk or what has been disparagingly called. How english became the global language ef english live. Lingua franca plays an enormous role in global communication. Research into english as a lingua fra nca has been slower to take off, despite pioneering work by a.
The rise of english as the global lingua franca is the world. English as a lingua franca elt journal oxford academic. Including 47 stateofthe art chapters from leading international scholars, the handbook covers key concepts, regional spread, linguistic. Lingua franca definition and meaning collins english dictionary. Why the english language became the worlds lingua franca. Singapore people use english and mandarin as their official languages. Pdf global english and english as a lingua franca elf.
The history of english english as a global language. Keywords english, global lingua franca, history, evolution, simultaneous. English is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation. Pros and cons of english being the international lingua franca. English as a lingua franca and some implications for english teachers penny ur 2009 initial concepts and assumptions probably between two and three billion people speak english. English as a lingua franca a native culturefree code. A lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both speakers first languages examples of lingua francas are numerous, and exist on every continent. Including 47 stateofthe art chapters from leading international schola. The current lingua franca of international business is english. English is the most widely used language in the world, thus becoming the worlds lingua franca. Although most contemporary linguists regard english as a lingua franca elf as a valuable means of international communication and worthwhile object of study, some have challenged its value and the idea that elf is a distinct variety of english at all. These may be defined according to kachrus three circles.
Few national censuses show much interest in language and those that do all too often are interfered with for political reasons. A lingua franca as a contact language between people who do not share a common language could be an acceptable definition for a regional lingua franca. Pdf 2010 global english and english as a lingua franca. Historically, the essential factor for the establishment of a global language is that it. The routledge handbook of english as a lingua franca. Including 47 stateofthe art chapters from leading international scholars, the handbook covers key concepts, regional spread. As local variety of english has been accepted as a global phenomenon, its emergence is. Therefore, parents always place english a high place. Identify and explain two examples that show how globalization is contributing to english becoming the worlds lingua franca. Statistics suggest that nearly half of the world population is familiar with this.
The concept of english as a global lingua franca implies that nonnative speakers nns of new english need to establish their identity through the medium of their l2. English as lingua franca, identity, phraseology, nativeculturefree code, language policy, equitable international communication introduction the existence of a global lingua franca provides a huge advantage to a large number of people. English as a global language with millions of popular intuitions at a level which had simply not existed a decade before. The current lingua franca of international business is. Preparing students for elf english as a lingua franca in cmic computer mediated intercultural communication dr richard fay school of. The question leads to seek clarification as to benefits to whom. According to some estimates, almost 80 percent of english speakers in the world are nonnative speakers. Lingua franca was firstly used during the middle age in mediterranean. I will consider the question of whether the dominant role of english as a lingua franca elf is a menace to other languages, to multilingual communication and to the profession of translation and interpreting, or whether a positive evaluation of the omnipresence of english as a default means. A lingua franca pronounced lingwa franka is a language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whose native languages are different. Lingua franca meaning in the cambridge english dictionary. Elf interaction can include native english speakers, but in most cases, it is a contact language between people who share neither a common native tongue. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
The nature of english as the global lingua franca the notion of a. There are arguably benefits to the world in having a lingua franca. English as a global lingua franca flashcards quizlet. The chapter considers the evolution, relevance, and utility of the constructs english as a lingua franca elf and lingua franca english lfe described in the applied linguistics and world englishes literatures. Pdf sowdens article raises a number of questions concerning english as a lingua franca elf and criticizes it as a simplified and culturally neutral. English as a medium of intercultural communication meierkord 1996, and, in this more speci. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and. The current status quo continues english is the main informal lingua franca. This unique collection of studies underscores the importance of elforiented dispositions, pedagogies, and policies for genuine communication across. English as the global languagea reflects a completely new phenomenon, even though many researchers of the use of the english language for international communication had undertaken a series of research studies of english as a lingua franca elf as distinct from research. I will consider the question of whether the dominant role of english as a lingua franca elf is a menace to other languages, to multilingual communication and to the profession of translation and interpreting, or whether a positive evaluation of the omnipresence of english as. It has replaced french as the lingua franca of diplomacy since world war ii. Lingua franca definition and meaning collins english.
Lingua franca definition of lingua franca by merriamwebster. Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in. The speed and availability of travel, the increasingly global nature of trade and forei. Historically, the essential factor for the establishment of a global language is that it is spoken by those who wield power. As local variety of english has been accepted as a global phenomenon, its emergence is unavoidable as long as the language users in a certain region require it. The language and the teacher in a time of change teacher interaction strategies and situated willingness to communicate changing beliefs on english. Lingua franca english, multilingual communities, and language. Aside from the facts stated above, below are some even more. What are the benefits of english being a lingua franca.
Identify and describe one historical factor that contributed to the worldwide use of english. For a thoughtful reflection on the issues raised by the lingua franca model, see karlfried knapp and christiane meierkord eds, lingua franca communication frankfurt. The most obvious modern example is english, which is. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british. A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do. English as a lingua franca english as a lingua franca elf refers to the use of english between people who do not share the same first language leyland, 2011, p. The second drawback of english being the international lingua franca is that the dominance of the english language proposes a threat to our own language. This book challenges these enduring ideologies by shedding light on multiple, hybrid, and contingent uses of english as a lingua franca elf from multilingual and translingual perspectives. These are the kinds of statement which seem so obvious that most people would give them hardly a second thought. He stated that a language must 1 be a native language of.
Barbara seidlhofer, english as a lingua franca, elt journal, volume 59, issue 4, october 2005, pages 339341. In doing so, the chapter considers the challenges in. English as a global language second edition davidcrystal,worldauthorityontheenglishlanguage,presentsalively andfactualaccountoftheriseofenglishasagloballanguageandex. For this reason, although she did not consider it problematic if other taiwanese people spoke english with a. Policy makers in africa should be pragmatic and ensure that their populations are equipped to benefit from, and contribute to, research by adopting english as the language of education. Definition and examples of a lingua franca thoughtco. Governments have been known to massage figures until they are right. The rise of english as the global lingua franca is the. The rise of english in diplomacy began in 1919, after world war i, when the treaty of versailles was written in english as well as in french. Of course english is a global language,they would say. French, greek, portuguese and latin have all been major lingua franca at some point in history. English language is functionally promoted to be a lingua franca in asean working language.
Elfa english as a lingua franca in the academia investigates english as it is currently used by speakers with different mother tongues. Mauranen and others published english as a global lingua franca. Eil, nativespeakerism and the failure of european elt. In this paper i will look at the controversy surrounding the current status of english in the world. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and italianbased jargon, or pidgin, that was developed by. English as a lingua franca elf is the use of the english language as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages. What little research has so far been undertaken has concentrated on the effects of nonnative source. Changing language in changing global academia find, read and. Barbara seidlhofer, english as a lingua fra nca, elt journal, volume 59, issue 4, october 2005, pages 339341. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms whereas english as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british council. Teachers are helping students to use english as a lingua franca. A global language acts as a lingua franca, a common language that enables people from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities to communicate on a more or less equitable basis. The routledge handbook of english as a lingua franca elf provides an accessible, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the main theories, concepts, contexts and applications of this rapidly developing field of study.
English continues to dominate and grow, consolidating its position as the worlds lingua franca. Aside from the facts stated above, below are some even more reasons why english became the worlds lingua franca. The rise of english as the global lingua franca is. Although you cant get by on just english in all countries. A lingua franca is a language that is used widely outside the country where it is spoken as a native language. With more than 350 million people around the world speaking english as a first language and more than 430 million speaking it as a second language, there are english speakers in most countries around the world. It explores the practices, regularities, and patterns of english as a lingua franca elf as it appears in natural use by expert users in university settings. Taking hong kong as an example, english is set to be the second language here, abilities of english usually come first than chinese.
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